Chapter four: Prequark Chromodynamics (AP (0))

 

 

 

 

Prequark Chromodynamics (AP (0)) is a theoretical framework introduced in 1984 (in the Book, Super Unified Theory, US copyright © TX 1-323-231, ISBN 978-0916713010), aimed at providing a language to describe the particle zoo of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. Unlike the SM, which lacks a thorough theoretical foundation, AP (0) offers a structured approach to understanding particles such as quarks and leptons through its unique prequark representations, namely Angultron and Vacutron, which carry electric charge and vacuum properties, respectively.

 

AP (0) asserts that many known particle processes, including Muon decay and neutron decay, can be explained in greater detail compared to SM. For instance, it questions the longevity of protons, showing that both protons and neutrons function as universal Turing computers capable of supporting biological life. The framework outlines several key sections: representations of prequarks, examples of AP (0), proton stability, experimental evidence, and the implications of the Prequark Model on biological life.

 

     {Axiomatic Physics (with First Principle)} = {AP (0), Prequark Chromodynamics} = AP (0)

 

In AP (0), quarks are represented through a seating arrangement of prequarks, where three colors correspond to three seats that can be occupied or empty. This leads to the formation of distinct particles based on the arrangement of Angultrons and Vacutrons, resulting in eight elementary particles: six quarks and two leptons. The AP (0) elaborates on the electric charge associated with each particle based on their respective arrangements.

 

One of the significant examples discussed is neutron beta decay. In this process, a neutron decays into a proton, electron, and electron anti-neutrino. AP (0) provides a more detailed explanation of this decay compared to the SM, emphasizing the role of vacuum energy and the interactions of quark colors during the decay process. The explanation highlights how virtual quark pairs emerge from the vacuum, contributing to the neutron's transformation into other particles.

 

The AP (0) also addresses proton stability, challenging the predictions made by Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) like SU (5), which failed to account for observed proton lifetimes. AP (0) offers insights into why protons do not decay under current conditions, attributing stability to the energy dynamics of spacetime vacuum fluctuations.

 

Additionally, the framework discusses the concept of "genecolors," linking it to the generations of particles and their transformations. For example, Muon decay is explained through genecolor dynamics, demonstrating how particle transformations adhere to complementary color rules.

 

Prequark Chromodynamics is based on a model that involves 64 states {48 particles and 16 spacetime quantum states}, see Chapter five: The First Principle. This theoretical framework describes the Standard Model particle zoo using a unique language of prequarks, specifically Angultron and Vacutron. The model encompasses both matter and anti-matter particles, with a total of 48 particles. The numbers 48 and 64 are significant in the calculations and representations within Prequark Chromodynamics.

 

The AP (0) concludes by emphasizing AP (0) to resolve various unresolved issues in physics, including baryogenesis, neutrino oscillations, and the nature of dark matter and energy. It posits that understanding the internal structure of particles through prequark representations could lead to breakthroughs in biological life studies and the fundamental laws of physics.

 

 

Prequark Chromodynamics: representations 

Quarks and leptons are described using prequark language, specifically Angultron (which carries 1/3 electric charge) and Vacutron (vacuum). The three quark colors can be represented as three seats, which can either be empty (Vacutron) or occupied (Angultron). This leads to the formation of four different kinds of particles:

1. Positron: A particle with all seats occupied by Angultrons, carrying one unit of electric charge, (A, A, A).
2. UP quark: A particle with two seats occupied by Angultrons, carrying 2/3 units of electric charge, (A, A, V).
3. Down quark: A particle with one seat occupied by an anti-Angultron, carrying -1/3 units of electric charge, (-A, V, V).
4. Neutrino: A particle with no seat occupied by Angultron, carrying zero units of electric charge (V, V, V).

For a given quark, there are three ways to arrange the seating (as line-string), and each way is distinguishable from others. These differences are identified with three color labels: red, yellow, and blue. The prequark representations for elementary particles are listed in tables I and II.

 

Table I: Prequark Representation for Leptons

• Electron: -(A, A, A1), colorless, electric charge: one (-1).
• Neutrino: (V, V, V1), colorless, electric charge: 0.
• Muon: -(A, A, A2), colorless, electric charge: one (-1).
• Muon neutrino: (V, V, V2), colorless, electric charge: 0.
• Tau: -(A, A, A3), colorless, electric charge: one (-1).
• Tau neutrino: (V, V, V3), colorless, electric charge: 0.

 

Table II: Prequark Representation for Quarks

• Up quark: (V, A, A1), (A, V, A1), (A, A, V1), electric charge: 2/3.
• Down quark: -(A, V, V1), -(V, A, V1), -(V, V, A1), electric charge: -1/3.
• Charm quark: (V. A. A2), (A, V, A2), (A, A, V2), electric charge: 2/3.
• Strange quark: -(A, V, V2), -(V, A, V2), -(V, V, A2), electric charge: -1/3.
• Top quark: (V, A, A3), (A, V, A3), (A, A, V3), electric charge: 2/3.
• Bottom quark: -(A, V, V3), -(V, A, V3), -(V, V, A3), electric charge: -1/3.

 

Three notions are mentioned regarding quark colors:

1. Quark color corresponds to a special seating arrangement. For example, V is the minority prequark in (V, A, A1), and it sits on the red seat; so (V, A, A1) has a red color.
2. Quark colors obey complementary rules: R + Y + B = White (colorless), R + Y = anti-B, etc.
3. The generation of a quark or a lepton is represented by a number, 1, 2, or 3.

 

Applications of Prequark dynamics

One, neutron beta decay

One of the key examples discussed is neutron beta decay. In the Standard Model, neutron decay is mediated by a virtual W- particle, transforming a down quark into an up quark. However, in Prequark Chromodynamics, the process involves the generating of a (d - d bar) pair from the vacuum, leading to a more complex interaction that highlights quark color dynamics and conservation.

 

n = e + p + v (e) bar

In terms of the Standard Model:

 

• Frame 1: The neutron (charge = 0) made up of (up, down, down) quarks.
• Frame 2: One of the down quarks is transformed into an up quark. Since the down quark has a charge of -1/3 and the up quark has a charge of 2/3: this process is mediated by a virtual (W-) particle, which carries away a (-1) charge (thus charge is conserved!)
• Frame 3: with an emitted W-, the neutron now has become a proton.

• Frame 4: An electron and antineutrino emerge from the virtual (W-) boson.
• Frame 5: The proton, electron, and the antineutrino move away from one another.

Note: This Standard Model was download from the www.pdg.lbl.gov web site in 1998.

 

 

In Prequark Chromodynamics, there are three important principles:

1. All elementary particles (quarks, leptons and prequarks) cannot be viewed as an isolated entity. It is a part of space-time fiber the same as the glider is a part of the Go board. That is, particles have interaction with space-time.
2. Vacuum can, indeed, turn into particles, but they must come in pairs, the particle and antiparticle pair to be exact.
3. Although a u-quark can turn into a d-quark in the Standard Model via weak current, in this prequark theory, a (u - u bar) quark pair turn into a (d - d bar) pair, and vice versa.

The diagram below consists of four detailed steps for neutron [u (blue), d (-red), d (-yellow)] decay.

• First, a virtue (d - d bar) pair is squeezed out from space-time vacuum when neutron comes out of a nucleus.
• Second, this neutron captures this virtue (d - d bar) pair to form a five-quark mixture.
• Third, a (d (blue), -d (-yellow)) quark pair is transformed into a (u (yellow), -u (-blue)) quark pair.
• Finally, this five quark mixture decays into a proton (u (blue), u (yellow), d (-red)), an electron and an electron anti-neutrino.

 

Note: This graph and description are quoted from the book {Super Unified Theory, ISBN 9780916713010, and US Copyright number TX 1–323–231, published in 1984}.

The above diagram not only verifies the old theory that neutron decays into a proton, an electron, and an electron anti-neutrino, but it gives much more detailed information of how exactly this process works than Standard Model does.

1. Prequark model shows the detailed quark color interaction and quark color conservation while the Standard Model does not address this issue.
2. Prequark model shows the detailed quark and space-time interaction while the Standard Model used a d-quark to u-quark transformation concept which is acceptable on phenomenology but undesirable on theoretical ground.
3. Prequark Model shows the detailed internal structure of (W-) particles, including its internal color interaction and its decaying process while the Standard Model does not provide any of these.
4. Prequark Model shows the detail of the ‘Vacuum Boson (VB)’ transformation and predicts that the mass of VB = {Vacuum energy divided by 2} + {a push over energy (vacuum fluctuation)} = 125.46 +/- … Gev. See next section.

 

The Prequark Model is much simpler than the Standard Model. In short, this diagram of Prequark Model of neutron decay verifies the validity of the Prequark Chromodynamics. 

 

 

Two, Muon decay

Another example is Muon decay. In this process, a Muon decays into an electron, an electron anti-neutrino, and a muon neutrino. The Prequark Model explains this decay through genecolor dynamics, where the transformation of genecolor {2 to (1, 1, 2)} occurs according to the genecolor complementary rules.

 

The generations are also colors (genecolors). They obey the color complementary rules, such as 2 is the complement of (1, 3) and 3 the complement of (1, 2). In the 1st order, genecolor  2 can be represented as (1, 3); in the 2nd order it can be represented as (1, (1, 2)). Table III shows the genecolors representation in terms of complementary rules.

 

Table III: Complementary representation for genecolors
Genecolor	1st order	2nd order	2nd order (simplified)
1	(2, 3)	(2, (1, 2))	(2, 1, 2)
2	(1, 3)	(1, (1, 2))	(1, 1, 2)
3	(1, 2)	(1, (1, 3))	(1, 1, 3)

 

In fact, the Muon decay is caused entirely by this genecolor dynamics. Muon will decay into electron, electron neutrino and muon neutrino. That is, muon - (A, A, A2) becomes

electron -(A, A, A1),

electron anti-neutrino -(V, V, V1) and

muon neutrino (V, V, V2).

 

Obviously, the total Angultrons are conserved. The seemingly non-conservation of Vacutrons is also conserved because Vacutron is just a vacuum (nothingness), but the entropy will increase. The most important event in this reaction is the transformation of

genecolor {2 to (1, 1, 2)}

 

according to the genecolor complementary rules. Again, the Prequark Model is a better and a simpler model than Standard Model.

 

This genecolor charge directly predicts that neutrinos should ‘oscillate’.

 

 

Three, neutrino oscillations

Three generations of neutrinos are represented as follows:

• V1 = (V, V, V1)
• V2 = (V, V, V2)
• V3 = (V, V, V3)

 

For V1 = (V2, V3) = (V2, V1, V2),

      V1(from Sun) = (V2, V1, V2) = 1/3 V1 (observed on Earth)

      V1(from Sun) = (V2, V1, V2) = (V2, V1, V1, V3) = [~ ½] V1 (observed on Earth)

This explanation resolves the solar neutrino problem and provides a detailed understanding of neutrino oscillations.

 

 

Four, Proton Stability in Prequark Chromodynamics

The biggest shortcoming of SU(5) (Grand Unified Theory) is the failure of its proton decay prediction. After 53 years (by 2025) observation, no single proton decay case was recorded. The low limit for the proton lifetime is now set at about 10^33 years, which is incredibly longer than the age of universe.

 

It is good news that protons don't decay. Otherwise, lives would have difficulty remaining alive. But why won't proton decay under the current condition?  SU (5) (Grand Unified Theory) does not have an answer, but the Prequark Model does.

 

First, we should review the differences between the two models about neutron decay.

In Standard Model, neutron decay starts out from some probability that one of the down quarks of neutron transforms into an up quark, which is mediated by a virtual W- boson.

 

In Prequark Model, things are very simple. The spacetime vacuum energy produces a down quark (d - d bar) pair. This d - d bar pair captures a down quark of neutron to form a five-quark mixture. Then, a d - d bar pair transforms into a u - u bar pair (via Vacuum Boson process). Finally, by exchanging an Angultron and a Vacutron (W-like process), it completes the decaying process. It is the spacetime vacuum energy driving the neutron to decay.

 

Second, the proton decay mode of Prequark Model is shown in graph below. The proton decays into a positron and a pion (zero) [a (d - d bar pair)]. This decay mode is significantly different from the neutron decay mode in the following ways.

    One, This is an internal decay (no vacuum energy involved). That is, it does not require any external helps. Because it is an internal decaying process, the spacetime vacuum energy can produce zillion pairs of d quark or up quark and dance around the proton all day long but still cannot influence the proton decaying process one bit.

 

    Two, although both sides of proton decaying process are electric charge conserved and color charge balanced, the left-hand side has much lower energy, and thus much more stable. That the only way to force the left side to move to the right side is when the spacetime vacuum energy could capture a proton's quark, that is, a high enough energy to break up the proton. That is, the Prequark Model can calculate the proton's decay rate with the following equation:

 

        Proton's decay rate equals to the probability that the fluctuation amplitude of spacetime vacuum energy equals to the breaking up proton energy.

 

Note: This level of spacetime vacuum fluctuation might exist during the Big Bang period.

Only by knowing the difference between an internal decaying process (such as the proton decay) and from a spacetime vacuum energy induced decaying process (such as the neutron decay), can the issue of proton’s stability be understood.

 

 

 Five, BaryonGenesis: mysterious no more

Resolving BaryonGenesis is considered the master-key to unlocking all mysteries in physics. The AP (0) emphasizes that anti-matter is present (right here) in this universe and plays an important role as dark mass (see the Planck DMB data derivation, Chapter two).

However, AP (0) will answer this BaryonGenesis issue with Prequark Chromodynamics here.

By resolving BaryonGenesis, other key issues in physics will be resolved automatically too.

The AP (0) outlines three periods in standard cosmology:

1. Big bang (opaque) period
2. Matter dominant (transparent, dark mass/dark energy) period
3. Dark energy dominant period, most dark mass becomes dark energy via the dark flow.

 

The AP (0) also discusses the transformation from zero to non-zero (creation) and the concept of cyclic universes  (see chapter two).

In Prequark, ordinary matter and anti-matter are represented by G-string representations. The AP(0) explains that matter (proton, neutron, etc.) needs parts from both matter-like and anti-matter-like strings (see G-string language below). This means that anti-matter is a necessary partner co-existing with matter simultaneously. The AP (0) also discusses the entanglement of matter and anti-matter in G-string representation.

The AP (0) concludes that the anti-matter is a co-existing partner of matter, and the dark mass calculation must account for anti-matter together with matter. This calculation fits the Planck CMB data perfectly.

In G-string representation, a single G-string can produce eight distinguishable strings, including up-quark-like and anti-down-quark-like strings. To form a proton-like string, both matter-like and anti-matter-like strings are needed. This means that matter and anti-matter are entangled in this representation, co-existing simultaneously. For example, there are zillions of quarks and anti-quarks co-existing inside of a proton simultaneously. This entanglement is crucial for understanding the formation of particles like protons and neutrons, as well as the calculation of dark mass and dark energy.

 

G-string language (symbolic representation) consists of three different line-strings (vocabulary). And, each string carries a (½ ħ).
Line-string (1) = (r, y, b 1)
Line-string (2) = (r, y, b 2)
Line-string (3) = (r, y, b 3)

Every line-string has three nodes (or chairs), and each node can be symbolically represented/occupied with two symbols, V and A (alphabets).
V is transparent and carries 0 electric charges.
A is opaque and carries 1/3 electric charge.

With them, there are some rules (theorems or grammar) for this language system.
1. (V, V, V) = (r, y, b) = white = colorless, as V is transparent.
2. (A, A, A) = colorless = white, as A is opaque.
3. (V, A, A) = (r(V), A, A) = red,

     (A, y(V), A) = yellow,

     (A, A, b(V)) = blue
4, (V, V, A) = (r, y, A) = blue (complement of r + y)

 

One G-string (a, b, c) can produce eight (8) strings (call them as matter-like).

String 1 = (V, A, A 1) = {1st , red, 2/3 e, ½ ħ} = red up quark.

String 2 = (A, V, A 1) = {1st , yellow, 2/3 e, ½ ħ} = yellow up quark.

String 3 = (A, A, V 1) = {1st , blue, 2/3 e, ½ ħ} = blue up quark.

 

String 4 = (A, V, V 1) = {1st , red, 1/3 e, ½ ħ} = red anti-down quark.

String 5 = (V, A, V 1) = {1st , yellow, 1/3 e, ½ ħ} = yellow anti-down quark.

String 6 = (V, V, A 1) = {1st , blue, 1/3 e, ½ ħ} = blue anti-down quark.

 

String 7 = (A, A, A 1) = {1st , colorless, 1 e, ½ ħ} = positron.

String 8 = (V, V, V 1) = {1st , colorless, 0 e, ½ ħ} = positron-neutrino.

 

Obviously, these eight (8) strings are unable to produce neither proton nor neutron.

That is, Nature needs another string, the anti-G-string [-(a, b, c)]. Again, it has eight (8) anti-strings (call them as anti-matter like).

 

String   9 = - (V, A, A 1) = {1st , red, -2/3 e, ½ ħ} = red anti-up quark.

String 10 = - (A, V, A 1) = {1st , yellow, -2/3 e, ½ ħ} = yellow anti-up quark.

String 11 = - (A, A, V 1) = {1st , blue, -2/3 e, ½ ħ} = blue anti-up quark.

 

String 12 = - (A, V, V 1) = {1st , red, -1/3 e, ½ ħ} = red down quark.

String 13 = - (V, A, V 1) = {1st , yellow, -1/3 e, ½ ħ} = yellow down quark.

String 14 = - (V, V, A 1) = {1st , blue, -1/3 e, ½ ħ} = blue down quark.

 

String 15 = - (A, A, A 1) = {1st , colorless, -1 e, ½ ħ} = electron.

String 16 = - (V, V, V 1) = {1st , colorless, 0 e, ½ ħ} = electron-neutrino.

 

The AP (0) shows that matter (proton, neutron, etc.) needs parts from both matter-like strings (1 to 8) and anti-matter-like strings (9 to 16). This means that anti-matter is a necessary partner co-existing with matter simultaneously. The AP (0) also discusses the entanglement of matter and anti-matter in G-string representation.

 

Obviously, proton needs strings from both matter strings and anti-matter strings.

Proton = {U (red), U(yellow), -D (blue)}

                = {String 1, String 2, String 14}

While electron (as a matter) comes from the anti-G-string (String 15)

 

With the above language, all 48 known quark/lepton particles can be ‘described’, as below,

String 1 = (V, A, A 1) = {1st , red, 2/3 e, ½ ħ} = red up quark.

String 2 = (-A, V, V 1) = {1st , red, -1/3 e, ½ ħ} = red down quark.

String 3 = (A, A, V 1) = {1st , blue, 2/3 e, ½ ħ} = blue up quark.
…

…
String 7 = (A, A, A 1) = {1st, white (colorless), 1 e, ½ ħ} = e (electron).

String 8 = (V, V, V 1) = {1st, white, 0 e, ½ ħ} = e-neutrino.

String 9 = (V, A, A 2) = {2nd , red, 2/3 e, ½ ħ} = red charm quark.
…

…
String 48 = -(V, V, V 3) = – {3rd, white, 0 e, ½ ħ} = anti-tau-neutrino.

 

With G-strings (Prequark), there is no BaryonGenesis issue any more.

More details of these are available at https://putnamphil.blogspot.com/2014/06/a-final-post-for-now-on-whether-quine.html?showComment=1403375810880#c249913231636084948

 

Furthermore, these G-strings are also the basis for the concept of dominion mass which plays a major role in the Planck CMB data calculation (see Chapter two and five).

 

The AP (0) concludes that the anti-matter is a co-existing partner of matter. The AP (0) also highlights that BaryonGenesis is also related to the calculation of the Planck CMB data (see chapter two), the hinge pin of any final physics theory.

 

 

Six,

Bio-cpu

The discovery that protons and neutrons are universal Turing computers, which can give rise to biological life, is indeed one of the greatest achievements of the Prequark Model.

However, the Life Game (of John Horton Conway) lacks the essence of biological life, which is mass. The Prequark Model shows that when gliders capture mass, they turn into biological life. This means that protons and neutrons, as their prequark representations as gliders, can function as bio-CPUs, providing a foundation for the rise of bio-intelligence, bridging the gap between lifeless systems and biological life through processes like self-organization and morphogenesis.

 

In 1936, Alan Turing invented a Turing machine which is an ideal computer. In 1970, John Horton Conway wanted to find a set of the simplest rules that could explode into the infinite power of a universal Turing computer. He invented a mathematical game, LIFE. His ‘glider-life’ game (Figure 1) was proved to be a base for a Turing computer.

 

Figure 1

 

Since every computer must have a counter and a clock, the glider gun was discovered by R. William Gosper at MIT in December 1970. Using glider streams to represent bits, all logic gates (And- Or-, Not-gates) can be produced. In fact, a new discipline arose, and it is called Artificial Life or the science of dry life.

 

Proton is a glider

However, Life Game is only a game. It lacks the essence of any biological life, the mass. In fact, Life Game does not even give the slightest hint of how biological life arose.

 

But! But! But! If? If? If the glider is a graphic representation of some basic building blocks of matter (such as: proton or neutron), the Life Game will give rise to biological life immediately.

 

When glider captures mass, it turns into wet stuff, the biological life. According to Prequark Chromodynamics, both proton and neutron are gliders. One of the prequark representations for both proton and neutron is listed in the table below. They are, in fact, gliders.

 

 

Comparison of proton, glider and neutron
Proton as quarks	Proton as Prequarks		Glider		Neutron as Prequarks	Neutron as quarks
up (red)	(V, A, A)		( , * *)		- (A, V, V)	down (red)
up (yellow)	(A, V, A)		(* , *)		- (V, A, V)	down (yellow)
down (blue)	- (V, V, A)		( , , *)		(A, A, V)	up (blue)

 

 

With Conway’s Life Game and Prequark Model, both proton and neutron are bio-CPUs. Thus, the difference between biological life and lifeless system is not in substance but in processes. There are two very important processes that give rise to biological life (see book three, Bio-lives ToE).

• Self-organization --- from chaos to order.
• Morphogenesis --- from simplicity to complexity (from order to chaos)

 

Again, the Prequark Chromodynamics shows the pathway of how bio-life arose.

 

 

 

References and reviews

 

One, Gong’s Rest Mass Rising Mechanism vs. Higgs Mechanism

Gong’s Rest Mass Rising Mechanism:

• In Prequark Chromodynamics, the rest mass rising mechanism is explained through the dynamics of prequarks and their interactions with spacetime. The residual binding energy resulting from the mixing angles of prequarks is expressed as mass. Although the mass of prequarks (attributes of spacetime fiber) themselves cannot be defined, the binding energy of these prequarks contributes to the rest mass of particles (see chapter five and six).
• The mass of the vacuum boson is calculated as the vacuum energy divided by 2, plus a push-over energy (vacuum fluctuation). This equation is not a prediction or a postdiction but is a direct consequence of dynamics. The vacuum fluctuation is predicted to be 1% of the vacuum energy.

For example, if the vacuum energy is 20, then the mass of its vacuum boson will be:

         20/2 + 20 x 0.01 = 10.2

As the measured vacuum energy is 246 Gev, the vacuum boson mass must be:

        246/2 + 245 x 0.01 = 123 + 2.46 = 125.46

• This calculation has only one parameter: vacuum energy. The key feature of the vacuum boson is having a zero spin. The AP (0) emphasizes that this mechanism provides a detailed and clear picture of how the rest-mass of particles arises from the dynamics of prequarks and their interactions with spacetime (see the photo below).
• In AP (0), mass is an innate nature of a particle, see Chapter six.

 

Higgs Mechanism:

• The Higgs mechanism is a theoretical framework in the Standard Model of particle physics that explains how particles acquire mass. It involves the interaction of particles with the Higgs field, which permeates all of space. When particles interact with the Higgs field, they acquire mass.
• The Higgs boson is the quantum excitation of the Higgs field and is responsible for mediating the interaction between particles and the Higgs field. The mass of the Higgs boson is a result of this interaction.
• Unlike AP (0), the Higgs mechanism does not provide a direct way to calculate the mass of the Higgs boson. The mass of the Higgs boson was measured experimentally, but there is no theoretical base for calculating it.
• Most importantly, Higgs mechanism is not verified thus far.

 

AP (0) rest mass rising mechanism provides a detailed and clear picture of how the rest mass of particles arises from the dynamics of prequarks and their interactions with spacetime, while the Higgs mechanism explains how particles acquire mass through their interaction with the Higgs field but does not provide a direct way to calculate the mass of the Higgs boson.

 

 

Two, deriving several fundamental nature constants

Prequark Chromodynamics is capable of deriving several fundamental nature constants. It provides a theoretical framework for calculating constants such as:

One, Alpha (fine structure constant), see chapter one

Two, Cosmology constant (CC), see chapter three

Three, Planck CMB data (on dark energy and dark mass), see chapter two

Those calculations are based on the fact that Prequark Chromodynamics consists of 64 states and 48 particles (matter + anti-matter).

 

 

Three, produce super unification (including gravity)

Prequark Chromodynamics, also known as the G-string model, does indeed provide a framework for super unification, including gravity/quantum gravity. The model introduces a Super Unified force equation (the EDGE equation, see chapter six), which is derived from the concept of the edge of the universe being "Here/now" and the outside of that edge being "Here/Next". This equation is expressed as:

F (unified force) = K ħ / (delta t * delta s)

K is the coupling constant

(Delta s ) and ( Delta t ) are space and time intervals (quanta), respectively.

 

The unification of electric force with gravitational force, showing that both forces can be described using similar principles.

Electric charge q = k * (h-bar * C) ^ (1/2)

Coulomb force F (C) = k * q1 * q2/r^2

                                     = k * k1 * K2 (h-bar * C)/r^2

                                     = f1 * (h-bar * C/r^2)

 

Similarly, the gravitational constant ( G )

G = (h-bar * C / a^2); "a" is a mass unit (see chapter six).

Gravitational force F (g) = G * m1 * m2 / r^2

                                            = (m1 * m2/ a^2) (h-bar * C/r^2)

                                            = f2 * (h-bar * C/r^2)

Thus, the only difference between F(C) and F (g) is their coupling constant f1 and f2.

Therefore, Gong’s Prequark model provides a unified framework that includes the gravity force, contributing to the understanding of the fundamental forces in the universe.

Note: the difference between gravity (Newtonian) and quantum gravity is explained in detail in Chapter six.

 

 

Four, derive the uncertainty principle

Gong's Prequark model can derive the uncertainty principle. The AP (0) explains that the Super Unified force equation (Edge equation or quantum gravity equation), derived from the concept of the edge of the universe being "Here/now" and the outside of that edge being "Here/Next," leads to the uncertainty principle. The equation is expressed as:

F (unified force) = K ħ / (delta t * delta s)

K is the coupling constant. So,

 

The AP (0) further explains that the uncertainty principle is a direct consequence of this Super Unified force equation.

Delta P = F * Delta t = K ħ / Delta s

so, {delta P * delta s = K ħ}

Thus;

When, K >=1, then {delta P * delta s >= ħ}

When K ~ 1, the uncertainty principle remains significant.

When K << 1, then uncertainty principle is no longer important.

This shows that the uncertainty principle is not fundamental but is emergent from the Super Unified force equation.

 

 

Five, challenges several mainstream physics predictions and hypes

Prequark Chromodynamics challenges several mainstream physics predictions and hypes.

One significant example is the Higgs mechanism. The AP (0) criticizes the Higgs mechanism, stating that the Higgs mechanism does not provide a way of calculating the mass of the Higgs boson, and even after its discovery, the mass remains unexplained. Instead, Prequark Chromodynamics offers a different mechanism for neutron decay, mediated by a vacuum boson, and provides a calculation for its mass.

 

Another example is the AMS02 hype. In 2013, CERN's AMS experiment hinted at the possibility of dark matter particles based on the excess of positrons in space. However, Prequark Chromodynamics predicted that this hype would not be confirmed, as it does not allow for any new particles beyond the particle zoo (AP (0) produces.

In the press releases (AMS experiment measures antimatter excess in space, http://press.web.cern.ch/press-releases/2013/04/ams-experiment-measures-antimatter-excess-space ) on April 3, 2013, CERN said, {These results are consistent with the positrons originating from the annihilation of dark matter particles in space, but not yet sufficiently conclusive to rule out other explanations. ... said AMS spokesperson, Samuel Ting. “Over the coming months, AMS will be able to tell us conclusively whether these positrons are a signal for dark matter, or whether they have some other origin”.}

On December 8, 2016, three and a half years after the {Over the coming months}, AMS02 gave a five-year report, HINTING for a dark matter (particle) in their data.

Yet, I predicted a week after Samuel Ting’s comment in 2013 that he can never confirm his hype as Prequark Chromodynamics does not allow any new particle over the particle zoo it produces.

 

Additionally, AP (0) challenges the Muon g-2 anomaly experiment. In 2018, I challenged Fermilab's potential claim of discovering a new particle from the Muon g-2 anomaly experiment, asserting that such a finding would be against Prequark Chromodynamics.  (see https://x.com/Tienzen/status/962405164110893056 or graph below).

 

As Prequark Chromodynamics encompasses the entire universe, that is, there is no more particle beyond the particle zoo AP (0) produced. Thus, I has predicted that any claim for a new particle will definitely be wrong.

 

 

The last but not the liast, no sterile neutrino

Prequark Chromodynamics does rule out the existence of sterile neutrinos and shows that (Neff = 3) exactly. According to the Prequark Model, the universe is constructed with 48 particles (matter and anti-matter), and the effective number of neutrino species, ( N_{\text{eff}} ), is calculated as 3. This calculation is based on the requirement that matter (proton, neutron, etc.) needs parts from both matter-like and anti-matter-like strings, leading to the conclusion that ( N_{\text{eff}} = 48/16 = 3 ).

  

Six,

Key Differences Between Prequark Chromodynamics and the Standard Model

1. Theoretical Foundation:
• The Standard Model is described as a phenomenological construction, lacking a solid theoretical base to describe its particle zoo.
• Prequark Chromodynamics, on the other hand, is a language that provides a coherent theoretical framework to describe the Standard Model particle zoo using prequark representations such as Angultron and Vacutron.
2. Particle Representation:
• In the Standard Model, particles like quarks and leptons are treated as fundamental entities without internal structure.
• In Prequark Chromodynamics, quarks and leptons are described using prequark language, where quarks are represented as combinations of Angultrons and Vacutrons. This leads to a more detailed understanding of particle interactions and processes.
3. Understanding of Processes:
• The Standard Model provides a phenomenological explanation of processes like Muon decay and neutron decay.
• Prequark Chromodynamics offers a more detailed and coherent explanation of these processes by emphasizing the role of prequarks (seat colors) and their interactions with spacetime.
4. Proton Stability:
• The Standard Model does not provide a clear explanation for the incredible stability of protons.
• Prequark Chromodynamics explains proton stability by describing protons and neutrons as universal Turing computers, which can give rise to biological life. This insight is crucial for understanding the conditions necessary for the existence of life.
5. Internal Structure of Particles:
• The Standard Model does not address the internal structure of particles like the W- boson.
• Prequark Chromodynamics provides a detailed explanation of the internal structure of particles, including their color interactions and decaying processes.
6. Vacuum Boson:
• The Standard Model uses the Higgs mechanism to explain particle mass but does not provide a direct way to calculate the mass of the Higgs boson.
• Prequark Chromodynamics introduces the concept of the Vacuum Boson (VB), whose mass can be calculated using vacuum energy and vacuum fluctuation. This provides a simpler and clearer explanation of particle mass.
7. Simplicity and Coherence:
• The Standard Model is considered more complex and less coherent in its explanations.
• Prequark Chromodynamics is described as a simpler and more coherent model that provides detailed explanations of various processes and interactions.

 

The AP (0) discusses that the Standard Model is a phenomenological construction without a theoretical base to describe its particle zoo. On the other hand, Prequark Chromodynamics, introduced by [Tienzen (Jeh-Tween) Gong], is described as a language that successfully describes the Standard Model particle zoo. The AP (0) highlights that while traditional Superstring (M-) theory does not know the internal structure of quarks, Prequark Chromodynamics does. This distinction is significant because it shows that Prequark Chromodynamics provides a more detailed and coherent explanation of the particle zoo compared to the Standard Model and M-string unification.

 

 

Seven,

Key differences between Prequark model and M-string theory

The Prequark model and M-string theory are both theoretical frameworks in physics, but they have distinct approaches and implications.

Prequark Model:

• AP (0), the Prequark Chromodynamics, introduced (published) in 1984 (but finalized in December 1979), describes quarks and leptons using a prequark-language with entities called Angultron (carrying 1/3 electric charge) and Vacutron (vacuum).
• It provides a detailed explanation of particle interactions and decays, such as neutron decay and Muon decay, by showing the internal structure and interactions of quarks and space-time.
• The Prequark model also addresses the stability of protons and their decay modes, offering explanations that differ from the Standard Model.
• It incorporates the concept of genecolors, which are new color charges representing quark generations.
• The Prequark model is simpler than the Standard Model and provides a more detailed picture of particle interactions.
• Both quark colors and genecolors are attributes of prequark seats which are, in fact, space-time fiber. That is, all particles (proton or quarks, etc.) are deeply embedded in or permanently confined to space-time.
• Prequark Chromodynamics sees both {Δ t, time strings} and {Δ s, space strings} are strings.

 

M-string Theory:

• M-string theory, a part of the broader string theory framework, posits that fundamental particles are not point-like but rather one-dimensional strings.
• It aims to unify all fundamental forces and particles in a single theoretical framework, often requiring additional dimensions beyond the familiar four (three spatial and one temporal), but failed.
• Traditional Superstring theory does not know the internal structure of quark, but Prequark string theory does.
• Most of the dynamic equations of Superstring (M-) theory work for Prequark theory.
• Quark colors are conserved in the prequark representation of neutron decay. That is, Prequark string theory preserves the SU(3) color symmetry.
• M-String theory has yet to come up with any easily testable predictions or to make any contact to the real world, despite decades of work.
• In String (M-) theory, space and time themselves are not explicitly defined as strings, only particles are.

 

In short, M-string theory has not only failed completely on its mission but does not make any contact with the real world. The Prequark model, on the other hand, provides a detailed internal structure of quarks and offers a simpler and more detailed explanation of particle interactions and decays.

 

 

Eight,

The G-string representation in Prequark Chromodynamics offers several new predictions and implications compared to the old Standard Model.

1. Standard Model Particle Zoo: The G-string representation has predicted or produced the Standard Model particle zoo as a direct consequence of its dynamics.
2. Planck Data for Dark Mass and Dark Energy: The G-string representation has provided insights into the Planck data for dark mass and dark energy, fitting the data perfectly.
3. BaryonGenesis: The G-string representation has provided a detailed explanation of BaryonGenesis, the process that led to the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe.
4. Rest Mass Rising Mechanism: The G-string representation has explained the rest mass rising mechanism, detailing how particles acquire mass through the dynamics of prequarks and their interactions with spacetime (see chapter six).
5. Bio-Computer: The G-string representation has provided a foundation for building a bio-computer, which can lead to breakthroughs in understanding the rise of biological life in terms of physics laws.
6. Neutrino Oscillations: The G-string representation has predicted that neutrinos should oscillate, providing a detailed explanation of this phenomenon.
7. Proton Stability: The G-string representation has explained the incredible stability of protons, much longer than the age of the universe.
8. Better Understanding of Decay Processes: Prequark Chromodynamics provides a more detailed understanding of well-known processes such as Muon decay and neutron decay.
9. Universal Turing Computers: Both proton and neutron are considered universal Turing computers, meaning they can give rise to biological life.
10. Quark Color Interaction: The model shows the detailed quark color interaction and quark color conservation, which the Standard Model does not address explicitly.
11. Vacuum Boson Mass Prediction: It predicts the mass of the Vacuum Boson (VB) as 125.46 +/- GeV.
12. Derivation of Nature Constants: The model is the basis for calculating many nature constants, such as Alpha (fine structure constant), Cosmology constant (CC), and Planck CMB data (on dark energy and dark mass).

 

Overall, the G-string representation in Prequark Chromodynamics offers a new perspective on particle physics and provides detailed explanations and predictions that go beyond the old Standard Model.

 

 

Nine,

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: How are prequark seats arranged in space? A:  In G-string theory, a string can be a straight string or a joined circle (triangle with equal sides). Quark is a line-string, having defined q-colors. Only when quarks join as a ring-string, they become colorless, such as proton and mesons. Lepton by definition is a ring-string.

Q: In the Standard Model, neutron decay is mediated via weak current (W- boson), and W boson has been observed. Why does W boson not appear in the prequark representation of neutron decay? A: During the (V, A) exchange, this mixture is W boson. The Prequark model gives a much more detailed and clear picture.

Q: Proton is not composite of only three quarks but includes gluons, spin, electric charges, weak charge, etc. A: Spin and electric charges are carried by Angultron. The gluons are consequences of SU(3) color symmetry. As long as the SU(3) color symmetry is preserved in the Prequark theory, the gluons are embedded in it.

Q: Does prequark theory predict any new particles? A: Prequark theory sees quarks as composites of prequarks. However, prequarks are not particles in the traditional sense, such as proton or quark. As for traditional particles, prequark theory does not predict any new "elementary" particle. Note: Prequark does encompass the ‘vacuum boson’ which is now wrongly named as Higgs boson.

Q: Is prequark a particle? A: No. Prequark is not a particle in any sense. How can a vacuum (Vacutron) be a particle? Prequark itself is not even a string; quark is. Prequarks are attributes of the space-time world sheet. We can view Vacutron as the valley bottom of the space-time world sheet, Angultron the summit of the hill. When the two sections (two seats) of a space-time string lay on the summit of two hills and one lay on the bottom of the valley, this string is an up-quark. If the first section (seat) is on the bottom of the valley, it is a red up-quark, etc. When all three sections (seats) of a space-time string lay on the summit of three hills, it is an electron. When all three sections of a space-time string lay on the bottom of three valleys, it is a neutrino.

Q: How can this space-time world sheet house three generations of particles? A: The space-time equation (Equation Zero) demands that time hose (a timesheet itself) to include the imaginary time. It also demands that time quanta cannot be reduced to zero length (a continuous point). That is, this time sheet is, in fact, a donut which has one hole at origin and another hole at infinity; that is, the spacetime sheet has 3-plies (see chapter six).

Q: How can this space-time world sheet make up with or by a donut? Can these 11 dimensions be visualized in terms of geometry instead of quark colors? A: See Chapter six.

Q: Why should the time quanta be like a garden hose? A: The Schrodinger equation has space symmetry. When Dirac rewrote it into two first-order equations, he predicted the anti-particles. If the Schrodinger equation also has time symmetry, the imaginary time must be introduced. Again, if time is a quantum, it cannot be reduced to zero, a continuous point, that is, the origin of the time sheet must have a hole. Thus, time (in a complex plane) must be folded into a garden hose (see chapter five).

Q: Regardless of what prequarks really are, they form a great notation system for the quark model. But what is the benefit of having a new notation system for an old model? A: One of the 11 dimensions of the space-time world sheet is E (nothingness) which is not clearly identified by and with the Standard Model, that is, Prequark model does not only replace an old model but has something new.

Q: Can we, then, reduce the Prequark system (V, A) to a simpler binary (0, 1) system? A: Vacutron is identical to 0. However, Angultron is a bit more complicated than 1. Angultron is a trisected angle. It will take forever to trisect an angle. Thus, Angultron is a dynamic process which causes everybody's head to spin. Very funny, we do call it spin. When this spin (h-bar) moves at light speed in time, it expresses electric charge. The residual binding energy (resulted from mixing angles) of those prequarks is expressed as mass, although the mass of prequarks (being just the attributes of spacetime fiber) cannot be defined.

Q: What is new in Prequark string theory compared to the other theories? A:

• Quark has an internal structure, made of prequarks.
• Quark colors are attributes of prequark seats which have SU(3) color symmetry.
• Quark generations are new color charges, representing 3-plies of spacetime world sheet.
• Superstring (M-) theory and the old Standard Model do not know the internal structure of quark, but Prequark theory does.
• The prequark representation of proton and neutron is the base for building a Turing computer according to Conway's theory, that is, prequark theory could make a new breakthrough on the issue of the rise of biological life in terms of physics laws.

 

 Chapter five: The First Principle, available at https://tienzengong.wordpress.com/2025/04/22/chapter-five-the-first-principle/ 

 

The entire book (in pdf) is available at https://tienzengong.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/physics-toe.pdf   }