Chapter six: Quantum Gravity

 

 

  

In the previous chapters, I have shown that the real-ghost symmetry mechanism gives rise to various physical phenomena such as intrinsic spin, electric charge, mass, prequarks and particle zoo.

That is, the quantum gravity must also be a result of this real-ghost symmetry.

 

For AP (0) = Axiomatic Physics (with ‘nothingness’ as its essence),

1)      Action (quantum action to be precise) = ħ, moving between different members (from x1 to x2)

2)      Spin (of a member) = half action = ( ½) ħ, self-bouncing, from [x(real) to x(ghost)] or vice versa.

3)      e (electric charge of a member) = [ ½ ħ C] ^(½) = measuring the external spacetime by ħ

4)       m (mass of a member) = ½ h v/C^2 = [(self-bouncing) x (frequency of bouncing)]/C^2

                                                 = [ (½ h)/C]  (1/ λ) = [ (½ h)/C]  / ΔS,  λ = the body size of that member.

[ (½ h)/C]   is the measurement/mapping of the internal world (spacetime) of (½ h, the spin).

 

In AP (Prequark Chromodynamics), mass is an innate feature of a member (especially for fermion), see chapter five, and this is completely different from the Higgs mechanism which claims that particles acquire mass via an external field. There will definitely be of no chance of any kind to formulate a quantum gravity theory by using the Higgs’ concept of mass.

 

 

Mass and Spin:

In AP, mass arises by self-bouncing between x(real) and x(ghost), see graph below.

This self-bouncing sees two copies of the universe, [x(real) and x(ghost)]. Indeed, when a spin-½ particle rotates 360 degrees, it will not come back to its original position; instead, it will face the opposite direction. It can only come back to its original position after rotating 720 degrees.

 

With the Perfect Symmetry (see previous chapters), all ghost partners {[x (real), x (ghost)] and [y (real), y (ghost)]} are the same ghost (being an infinity); that is, [ x (ghost) = y (ghost)] while [x (real) ≠ y (real)].

This has two meanings:

a)      For all members of AP (0), infinitely many, they all have one end which are tired at the ghost point.

b)      As a G-string, their other ends are totally free (free will) and can be at any place/time or any size (massive or …)

This is described in the graph below (the Dirac’s belt, one end is tired at a fix point for any spin ( ½) particles.

 

Equations of AP:

In AP (Prequark Chromodynamics), it has 5 equations:

 

            Delta s = N * C * (Delta t)

                             = (i^n1, i^n2, i^n3) * C * (Delta t) ................Equation zero

 

m (mass) = ½ h v/C^2

                                 = [ (½ h)/C]  (1/ λ) = [ (½ h)/C]  / Δs  ……….  Equation One

 

            q (charge) = (L * C)^(1/2) = [(1/2)h * C]^(1/2) ........... Equation two

 

            F [AP (0) force] = K h / (delta t * delta s) ................. Equation three

 

            Equation four  (see Newtonian gravity, see next section)

 

 

 

About gravity:

Now, we want to know what ‘Gravity’ is and what it can do.

I will talk about what it can and should do first.

1)      It should expand this universe outward, as expelling force superficially. Being an EDGE equation (see section below).

2)      It should maintain the stability of this universe (not falling apart), as an attracting force.

3)      It should not interfere with the interaction among members’ activities (via strong interaction, weak interaction and electromagnetic interactions), a very weak force

4)      It must obey the AP first principle; that is, its components cannot go beyond the AP (0) parameters (Δt, Δs, C and ħ).

 

If we can find a formula (or function) to meet all the requirements above, we will definitely find a gravity (quantum gravity precisely) equation.

 

In AP (0), Prequark Chromodynamics, I have discussed three interactions.

As the quark colors are expressed by the Prequark SEAT-colors (PSC), those PSCs are attributes of spacetime fiber (imbedded in spacetime).

Then, genecolors are also attached to the Prequark SEAT. They are, of course, also the attributes of spacetime. That is, the spacetime of Prequarks is a 3-ply world sheet.

 

For the quark interactions, they are purely Prequark seat colors interactions, having exact results which are the same as the QCD (quantum Chromodynamics, the strong force), although the internal dynamics are totally different.

 

For the weak force (interactions), in AP (Prequark Chromodynamics), it divides into two subgroups.

1)      Prequark seat colors interact with the spacetime (pure vacuum), such as the free Neutron beta decay.

2)      Via purely Genecolor interactions, such as the Moun decay, and the neutrino oscillations.

Obviously, this AP (0) weak force is completely different from the Electro Weak Theory (EWT), while EWT is a good effective theory for producing same results as this AP (0) descriptions.

 

Both (strong or weak) are played locally (in a small area of spacetime or between plies around a local region). Thus, both are short range interactions.

 

On the other hand, e (electric charge) is defined as mapping out the external spacetime (world sheet, the Δt, Δs) with an action unit [(h C) ^ (1/2)]. That Is, the e-interactions can and must be a long-range force.

 

 

Quantum gravity:

In AP (0), Prequark Chromodynamics, m (mass) is defined as mapping out the internal spacetime of h for any member of the AP (0).

So, how can two different members of the AP (0) interact locally or non-locally (not in the small region via the Prequark seat colors or genecolors).

 

Let x = {x(real), x(ghost)} and y = {y(real), y(ghost)};

Of course, x (real) ≠ y(real)

But in AP (0), x(ghost) = y(ghost), demanded by the Prefect Symmetry Principle

 

That is, one of their legs is tied together by the Ghost (point) while the other legs can roam freely.

As they share the same leg, one kind of interaction between them should be Instantaneously.

If they are n-members in a system, all n of them should interact simultaneously among one another too, as their n-legs are all tied together.

That is, the essence nature of this interaction must be {simultaneity, instantaneity}.

 

Although this interaction encompasses all members of AP (0), there is no equation to describe this interaction yet.

 

Obviously, we have not looked at the real part of the members (particles), what they are doing to themselves and to one another.

In the Fermion mass photo above, member x is forever bouncing between [Real matter universe] and [Ghost point], while the time is moving forward during each bouncing.

 

That is, member x is moving from [here (now), now] to [here (next), next].

In AP (0), Prequark Chromodynamics, this movement (interaction) has the following consequences:

a)      It is the base of (½) h, fermion spin

b)      {[here (now), now] to [here (next), next]} = { Δt, Δs} = { Δt x Δs}

c)      Let F (whatever it is) be a function of this interaction,

    F = action/arena ………  Edge equation

F = k (½) h/{ Δt x Δs}, k as a coefficient. (Equation three, the quantum gravity = EDGE equation).

Now, we have a quantum equation (as h, Δt, Δs are all quantum parameters) to describe this eternal self-bouncing of any member of AP (0).

 

In AP (0), this is also the answer for where the EDGE of this universe is.

 

 

This edge equation describes how the entire universe moves from one quantum state [here (now). Now] to a new quantum state [here (next), next] (see the photo above).

                 F (edge) = k (½) h/{ Δt x Δs},

 

However, this edge equation applies to every member of AP (0).

For x (belong to) AP (0).

                   F (x) = k (½) h/{ Δt x Δs} = quantum gravity of x    … equation three

                            { Δt , Δs} are quantum parameter of x

 

That is, every x (member of AP (0), it is at

1.      the center of this universe, as one of its legs is at the ghost point

2.      the edge of this universe, as it moves out to new boundaries.

 

 

Equation four (Newtonian gravity):

Now, we are able to discuss the interactions between two members’ real parts.

Let x = {x(real), x(ghost)} and y = {y(real), y(ghost)};

Of course, x (real) ≠ y(real)

Although their ghost-legs are tired together, their real hands can be millions of miles apart (as ΔS, the big S, not a quantum parameter).

For member x,

G (x) is x’s quantum gravity, the edge force

G (x) = k ( ½) h/{ Δt x Δs}

          = (k’ h Δs)/{C Δs^3}

           = k’’ (h Δs/C)/v(x), v(x) is the volume of x (as a sphere with Δs as the radius)

           = k’’ m (x)/v(x),   see the mass definition

            = k’’’ m(x)

 

In the same way, G(y) = d’’’ m(y)

That is, the quantum gravity of (x) is, now, wrapped up by m(x), the mass of (x). The quantum gravity of x has been internalized and manifested as mass of x.

 

Obviously, G(x), G(y) are no longer quantum parameters, as all the quantum parameters (Δs, Δt, ħ) of (x, y) are all wrapped up by m (mass). Quantum gravity of ‘x’ is wrapped up as m (x).

This shows that the ESSENCE of all members of AP (0) is MASS (not a quantum parameter).

 

Let F be a function to describe the interaction between x and y,

  F (G(x), G(y)) = {[G(x), G(Y)]; [ΔS, ΔT]},       ΔS, ΔT are not quantum parameters.

                             = players/(play ground)

                             = [K m(x) m(y)] / [ ΔS x ΔT], similarity operation from quantum gravity

                              = [(K/C) m(x) m(y)/ ΔS^2]    …     = Newtonian gravity (Equation four)

 

That is, quantum gravity of (x) = G(x) = k ( ½) h/{ Δt x Δs} = m(x)

                quantum gravity of (y) = G(y) = k ( ½) h/{ Δt x Δs} = m(y)

 

The gravity between [G(x), G(y)] =   F (G(x), G(y)) = [(K/C) m(x) m(y)/ ΔS^2]

            ΔS, the big S (not quantum parameter) is the distance between x(real) and y(real)

  

Now, the AP (0) gravity force is fully understood.

1)      It is an attractive force, as all members are tied together by the Ghost.

2)      It is a very weak force, as the inverse of the square of the distance (not in the quantum region) between the real parts of them. 

3)      As the expansion force (the edge force, the quantum gravity). In AP (0), every member is at the CENTER of the universe, as one of its leg stands at the ghost point (the center). At the same time, it is the EDGE of this universe, as it is eternally moving forward with a quantum action (h), see the graph above.

4)      It is and must be as {simultaneity, instantaneity}. The not moving Pepsi can on my desk (see photo below) is interacting with ALL particles in this universe via the Ghost point (in real/ghost symmetry).

5)      In the quark interactions, this gravity/quantum gravity is manifested as prequark seat color force and genecolor force. That is, equation three (quantum gravity) is a unified force (encompassing all four forces).

6)      Above quark level, the gravity/quantum gravity is slowly dominated by Newtonian equation (Equation four).

 

 

The { G(x), G(y)} is quantum gravity. The F (G(x), G(y)) is Newtonian gravity.

Uncertainty principle is derived from this quantum gravity (the EDGE equation), see the graph below.

 

Conclusion:

In AP (0),

1)      Essence, nothingness

2)      Mandatory emergence, time with 4 dimensions, equation 0.

3)      Manifestation of this 4-dimensional time, time hose and {Real/Ghost symmetry}.

4)      Space, the derivative of time.

5)      Manifestation of time and space (spacetime): prequark SEAT colors, 3 ply world sheet (genecolors, generations), and Prequarks (Angultron, Vacutron).

6)      Derived members [particle zoo, 48 = (24 matter + 24 anti-matter)].

7)      Essence of members: mass (equation one); attribute of members: electric charge (equation two).

8)      Emergence of forces: equation three (edge equation, quantum gravity, unified force).

a)      Strong force: Prequark seat colors interaction (local and short range, playing out on/in the spacetime fiber).

b)      Weak force:

i)                    Prequark seat colors interact with the spacetime vacuum: such as free neutron decay.

ii)                   Purely via genecolors: such as Moun decay and neutrino oscillations, playing out among different plies of spacetime sheet.

c)      Electromagnetic force: via electric charges (mapping out the entire Spacetime world sheet (long range, yet causal)

d)      Gravity:

i)                    Quantum gravity: via Equation three

ii)                   Newtonian gravity: via Equation four

 

 

 

 

References and Reviews

One,

New definition of gravity:

Based on particle physics and the concept of moving the entire universe from one quantum state to another. Here are the key points:

1. Particle Physics Basis: Gravity must be based on particle physics, as only particles carry mass, which is the only parameter for gravity. In AP (0), mass arises by wrapping up all quantum attributes of a particle. Both Newtonian gravity and General Relativity do not incorporate particle physics, making them incorrect (but effective) gravity theories.
2. Instantaneous and Simultaneous Interaction: Gravity must be both instantaneous and simultaneous to all particles in the universe. It is not transmitted at the speed of light, although gravitational waves (an attribute of gravity) are. Gravity is not local.
3. Equations for Gravity: The strength of gravity between any two quantum objects is described by the equation:

a)          F [quantum gravity force] = K h / (delta t * delta s) , quantum gravity of a particle.

where (K) is a coefficient constant, (hbar) is the reduced Planck constant, (Delta s) is the change in space (defined by Equation 0), and (Delta t) is the change in time.

 

The gravity between two non-quantum objects is:

b)      F (Newtonian gravity) = [(K/C) m(x) m(y)/ ΔS^2] ; m(x), m(y) are masses. K,   Newtonian gravity constant, ΔS (with big S, not quantum parameter) is the distance between the REAL parts of two masses.

c)      Pepsi can gravity equation: Pepsi can which sits on my desk at rest is:

F (Pepsi can gravity) = Gm {M(p) (sum [M(i)/r(i)^2])}  …..

 i represents the particles of the entire universe, except the Pepsi. 

 r (i) is the distance between the two measured in the ‘world sheet’, could be billions miles apart.

M(i) is the mass of zillions of those particles.

M(p) is the mass of Pepsi can (at rest on my desk)

4. Moving the Universe: Gravity is defined as the force that moves the entire universe from one quantum state to another. This movement is described by the equation:

       F [quantum gravity force] = K h / (delta t * delta s) , quantum gravity, edge equation

5. Spaghettification Zone: Instead of an event horizon with a Schwarzschild radius, there is a spaghettification zone where particles are torn apart and become strings (see section below).
6. Dark Matter and Dark Energy: The new gravity definition ensures that dark matter and dark energy are integral components of the universe's structure. By redefining gravity and its interactions, AP (0) provides a new framework for understanding the distribution and behavior of dark matter/dark energy in the universe.
7. Gravitational Waves: While gravity itself is not transmitted at the speed of light, gravitational waves being an attribute of gravity and are transmitted at the speed of light. This distinction provides a new understanding of how gravitational waves operate within the framework of the new gravity theory.

 

 

Two,

Axiomatic Physics (AP) quantum gravity is significantly different from mainstream quantum gravity theories in the following ways:

1. Mass Generation: In AP (0), mass is an innate feature of particles, arising from self-bouncing between real and ghost states. This contrasts with the Higgs mechanism in mainstream theories, which claims that particles acquire mass via an external field.
2. Real-Ghost Symmetry: AP introduces the real-ghost symmetry mechanism, where particles have two legs: one rooted in real time and the other in ghost time. This interaction between real and ghost time gives rise to space and various physical phenomena such as intrinsic spin, electric charge, mass and particle zoo.
3. Gravity Characteristics: AP proposes that gravity should expand the universe outward (being as edge force), maintain stability, and interact weakly, adhering to AP parameters. This is different from General Relativity, which describes gravity as the interplay between mass and the universe-bed-sheet (UBS), woven with space and time.
4. Interaction Dynamics: In AP, particles interact non-locally through shared ghost states, emphasizing simultaneity and instantaneity in interactions.
5. Equations of AP: AP introduces five key equations, including those defining mass, charge, and gravitational force, culminating in a quantum gravity equation. This comprehensive approach contrasts with the more fragmented equations in mainstream theories.
6. Comparison with Existing Theories: AP contrasts with traditional theories like General Relativity and M-string theory, arguing for its comprehensive approach to quantum gravity. AP claims to address key issues such as the horizon problem in cosmology and the non-locality of quantum physics, which mainstream theories struggle with.
7. Prequark Chromodynamics: AP introduces the concept of prequarks as the building blocks of quarks, with interactions mediated by Prequark seat colors and Genecolors. This is different from the Standard Model, which considers quarks as fundamental particles without internal structure.

 

 

 

Three,

Axiomatic Physics (AP) is significantly different from the Electro Weak Theory (EWT) in the following ways:

1. Interaction Dynamics: In AP, the weak force is divided into two subgroups: interactions between Prequark seat colors and spacetime (pure vacuum), such as free neutron decay, and interactions via purely Genecolor interactions, such as Muon decay and neutrino oscillations. This contrasts with EWT, which describes the weak force as mediated by W and Z bosons.
2. Different description of W boson:  Although the W- boson was discovered, it does not imply that EWT is correct at its foundation (for example, its description of free neutron beta decay). Neutrons will not decay in nucleus but decays when they encounter spacetime vacuum energy. EWT description of that FREE neutron does not have any consideration about the vacuum energy (see the photo below). Furthermore, W boson is a fundamental particle (without internal structure) in EWT while it has internal structure in AP (0).
3. Different description of Higgs boson: Again, although Higgs boson was discovered, this does not prove that EWT is valid. First, the Higgs mechanism is not verified yet. Second, the Higgs mechanism cannot calculate the boson’s mass, while it can be done easily in AP (0), see photo below.
4. Range of Interaction: Both AP and EWT describe the weak force as a short-range interaction, but AP emphasizes the role of Prequark seat colors and Genecolors in these interactions. EWT focuses on the exchange of W and Z bosons within a small area of spacetime.
5. Effectiveness: although EWT is a good effective theory for producing the same results as AP descriptions, however, AP provides a different internal dynamic and a comprehensive framework for understanding the weak force.

 

 

Only AP (0) description incorporates the vacuum energy in the FREE neutron decay process.

 

 

Four,

Axiomatic Physics (AP) gravity theory is significantly different from Einstein's General Relativity (GR) in the following ways:

1. Mass and Universe-Bed-Sheet (UBS): In GR, mass sits on the UBS, which is woven with space and time. The local curvature of the UBS depends on the size of the mass. In AP gravity theory, mass is embedded within the UBS, making it a part of the UBS.
2. Internal Structure: GR's UBS is a flat sheet without any internal structure. AP gravity theory's UBS has an internal structure related to Prequarks, which are quantized.
3. Causal and Non-Causal Spheres: GR's UBS resides in the causal sphere. AP gravity theory's UBS connects causal and non-causal spheres via the Real/Ghost symmetry.
4. Equation Zero: AP gravity theory uses Equation Zero to describe the UBS with three parameters: space, time, and prequarks (attributes of space/time fiber). This equation integrates space, time, and particles into a cohesive framework.
5. Real/Ghost Symmetry: AP gravity theory incorporates the Real/Ghost symmetry mechanism, which gives mass to particles. This symmetry is fundamental to the nature of gravity in AP gravity theory.
6. Particle Interaction: In AP gravity theory, prequarks are the protrusions of the UBS, similar to an egg carton. This interaction is described with the equations of elliptic curves [see book (Nature’s Manifesto)].
7. Addressing Key Issues: AP gravity theory aims to address key issues such as the horizon problem in cosmology and the non-locality of quantum physics. By doing so, it provides a complete picture of the universe.
8. Total understanding of Quantum Gravity: AP gravity theory challenges the traditional view of quantum gravity and offers a new approach that combines elements of quantum physics and relativity. This approach has solved many long-standing problems in physics.

 

 

 

Five,

AP's real-ghost symmetry mechanism differs from traditional quantum mechanics in several keyways:

1. Mass Generation: In traditional quantum mechanics, mass is often explained through the Higgs mechanism, where particles acquire mass via an external field. In AP, mass is an innate feature of particles, arising from self-bouncing between real and ghost states.
2. Real-Ghost Symmetry: AP introduces the real-ghost symmetry mechanism, where particles have two legs: one rooted in real time and the other in ghost time. This interaction between real and ghost time gives rise to space and various physical phenomena such as intrinsic spin, electric charge, mass and particle zoo.
3. Spin and Particle Behavior: In AP, spin-½ particles require 720 degrees of rotation to return to their original state, evidence of the two copies of universe, {x(real), x(ghost)}.
4. Interaction Dynamics: AP emphasizes non-local interactions through shared ghost states, leading to simultaneity and instantaneity in interactions.
5. Equations and Framework: AP introduces specific equations to describe mass, charge, and gravitational forces (quantum or Newtonian), culminating in a quantum gravity equation. This comprehensive approach contrasts with the more fragmented equations in traditional quantum gravity theories.

 

 

Six,

Axiomatic Physics (AP) gravity theory is also different from Newtonian gravity in the following ways:

1. Nature of Gravity: In Newtonian gravity, gravity is described as a force that acts at a distance between two masses. This force is immediate and does not require any medium for transmission (while no explanation was given for this). In contrast, AP gravity theory describes gravity as arising from the real-ghost symmetry mechanism, where particles bounce between the real universe (matter) and the ghost sphere (a point, an infinity). This bouncing act gives rise to quantum spin and gravity.
2. Mass and Interaction: Newtonian gravity considers mass as a fundamental property of matter that generates a gravitational force proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. In AP gravity theory, mass is an innate feature of particles, arising from self-bouncing between real and ghost states. This self-bouncing sees two copies of the universe, [x(real) and x(ghost)].
3. Equation of Gravity: Newtonian gravity is described by the equation which contains a gravitational constant G (a free parameter, no theoretical basis). In AP gravity theory, the equation of gravity is derived from the real-ghost symmetry mechanism and involves quantum parameters such as Planck's constant (ħ), the speed of light (C), and the electric fine structure constant. The AP gravity equation integrates space, time, and particles into a cohesive framework.
4. Simultaneity and Instantaneity: Newtonian gravity is characterized by immediate action at a distance, meaning that the gravitational force is transmitted instantaneously between two masses (without any explanation). The simultaneity is not explicitly discussed in Newtonian gravity. AP gravity theory emphasizes simultaneity and instantaneity in interactions, where particles interact non-locally through shared ghost states. This ensures that all particles interact simultaneously and instantaneously, which is fundamental to the nature of gravity in AP.
5. Expansion and Stability: Newtonian gravity does not address the expansion or stability (not collapsing) of the universe. In AP gravity theory, gravity is proposed to expand the universe outward (with the EDGE equation), maintain stability, and interact weakly. This approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the universe's expansion and acceleration.
6. AP (0) gravity includes quantum gravity: The quantum gravity of x wraps up all quantum attributes of x into m (mass), Via a second order of gravitation (similarity/fractal operation), two particles (x, y) interact with a classic gravity (defined by equation four or Newtonian gravity equation).

 

 

Seven,

Prequarks differ from quarks in several fundamental ways. In the Prequark Chromodynamics (PCD), prequarks are the building blocks of quarks and are the attributes of the fibers of spacetime. There are two types of prequarks: Vacutron and Angultron.

Quarks, on the other hand, are considered fundamental particles in the Standard Model of Particle Physics and do not have an internal structure. Quarks interact with each other through the strong force, mediated by gluons, and are responsible for forming protons and neutrons.

Prequarks interact with each other and with other particles through Prequark seat colors (an attribute of spacetime) and Genecolors (as spacetime world sheet has more than one ply, three to be exact). These interactions help construct the structure of the universe.

The concept of prequarks also plays a role in the real-ghost symmetry mechanism, where particles bounce between the real and ghost worlds. This bouncing act gives rise to quantum spin, gravity, electric charge, mass, particle zoo and other phenomena.

 

 

Eight, definitions

a)      The real-ghost time interaction is a concept which describes how all matter (fermions) has two legs: one rooted in real time and the other in ghost time. This interaction between real and ghost time gives rise to space according to Equation Zero, which defines 64 subspaces. Some of these subspaces are aligned with real-ghost time, while others form an angle with it. This interaction is fundamental to the nature of gravity.

b)      Electric Charge: Electric charge is described as a true constant traditionally, with the value carried by a proton being the same as that carried by an electron, although with an opposite sign.

The AP explains that electric charge is not a fundamental constant because it can be written in an equation composed of other constants, such as Planck's constant (h), the speed of light (C), and the electric fine structure constant (1/137.035999). The rise of electric charge is linked to the intrinsic spin of particles and their movements in time.

c)      The Universe-Bed-Sheet (UBS) is a concept discussed in AP (0). It describes the interplay between mass and the fabric of the universe, which is woven with space and time. In General Relativity (GR), gravity is described as the interaction between a mass and the UBS, with the local curvature of the UBS depending on the size of the mass. However, GR's UBS is a flat sheet without any internal structure and resides in the causal sphere.

In AP gravity, the UBS is described with Equation Zero. This equation integrates space, time, and particles into a cohesive framework. Unlike GR, where mass sits on the UBS, in AP gravity, mass is embedded within the UBS. The AP UBS has an internal structure related to fermion particles, which are quantized. It connects causal and non-causal spheres via the Real/Ghost symmetry.

The UBS in AP gravity provides a comprehensive understanding of gravity by addressing the limitations of previous theories and integrating quantum physics with relativity.

 

 

Nine,

The Pepsi can analogy is used to illustrate the concept of real-ghost time interaction and its effect on gravity. A Pepsi can resting on a coffee table is not truly at rest in relation to the Sun, the Moon, or any other stars. However, it can be considered at rest in relation to Earth.

In this AP (0) physics, this resting Pepsi can is not truly at rest. It is, in fact, bouncing between two states: the real world and the ghost world. This bouncing act is about the concept of moving in time (not in space). The force that drives the Pepsi can moving in time is the force of gravity (the edge equation).

According to Special Relativity, no particle with nonzero rest mass (such as the Pepsi can) can move in space with light speed. However, the Pepsi can can move in time (bouncing between two universes) with light speed without violating Special Relativity. This concept of absolute velocity that a nonzero rest mass particle travels in time at light speed (does not contradict Einstein's relative velocity concept that a nonzero rest mass particle cannot travel through space with light speed) is the source of gravity.

The Pepsi can analogy demonstrates how real-ghost time interaction affects gravity and the movement of particles in time.

 

 

Ten,

The Ball-Donut transformation (see Book two) is a concept in topology that describes the transformation of a topological ball into a topological donut (or tube, such as time hose) by punching two holes in the ball. This transformation is not a continuous deformation process but rather a creation process. The two holes represent the gateways between the real universe and the ghost world, with gravity being the force that pushes all particles (the entire real universe) in and out of these two holes.

In this AP (0) quantum gravity, this transformation is part of a broader theory that unifies gravity and quantum physics through the real-ghost symmetry mechanism. This mechanism involves particles bouncing between the real and ghost worlds, giving rise to various physical phenomena such as intrinsic spin, electric charge, mass and prequarks.

 

The Ball-Donut transformation is the manifestation of the real-ghost symmetry mechanism.

In AP (0) quantum gravity, this transformation helps address several key issues:

1. Fermion mass and spin: Fermion mass arises from bouncing between the real universe (matter) and the ghost sphere (a point, an infinity), while fermion spin is the result of seeing two copies of the universe (Real/Ghost).
2. Expansion and acceleration of the cosmos: The real-ghost symmetry mechanism plays a role in the expansion and acceleration of the universe.
3. Interaction of particles: Every particle interacts with all other particles simultaneously, which is a fundamental aspect of quantum gravity.

 

 

Eleven,

According to Prequark Chromodynamics, space and time have specific attributes. Space is trisected (x, y, z), giving rise to prequarks (Vacutron and Angultron) and prequark seat colors. Time is also trisected (different from 4-time dimensions, the time hose), giving rise to three generations (genecolors), manifested as 3 ply spacetime world sheet. All forces are different interactions between space, time, prequark seat colors and genecolors. Three of these forces are constructive, helping to construct the structure of the universe:

1. Strong Force: The residual force of Prequark (seat) color force, constructing fermions.
2. Electromagnetic Force: the quantum action (self-bouncing) defines electric charges which construct atoms.
3. Gravity Force: By moving the entire universe in time (in and out of the ghost point and itself) with light speed, constructing the cosmos.

Additionally, there is a destructive force:

4.       Weak Force: It breaks the structure and acts as the gateway to spacetime. It manifests as the genecolor force in processes such as Moun decay and neutrino oscillations.  The interaction between Prequark seat colors and the fluctuation energy of the spacetime vacuum, such as in neutron decay.

Equation Three [AP (0) quantum gravity] helps derive the uncertainty principle, which is a fundamental aspect of quantum physics. The equation shows that the unified force encompasses all these interactions, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding the forces that govern the universe.

 

 

Twelve,

AP (0) discusses the universe's boundaries. It states that the universe is finite and has a boundary or surface. It raises three key questions about this boundary:

1. Where is that boundary? The answer provided is "{Here (now), Now]".
2. What is outside of that boundary? The answer given is "{Here (next), Next}".
3. How to move that boundary to its outside? The answer is "with ħ (Planck constant)".

By answering these questions, AP suggests that we can automatically get answers to why the universe's expansion. It also derives a force equation that describes the mechanism driving the universe's outward acceleration, linking quantum action to cosmic expansion.

 

 

Thirteen,

Quantum Gravity: In AP, quantum gravity is described by Equation Three, which integrates quantum parameters such as Planck's constant (ħ), the speed of light (C), and the electric fine structure constant. Quantum gravity arises from the real-ghost symmetry mechanism, where particles bounce between the real universe (matter) and the ghost sphere (a point, an infinity). This bouncing act gives rise to quantum spin and gravity. The interaction between particles is characterized by simultaneity and instantaneity, meaning that all particles interact simultaneously and instantaneously through shared ghost states. This approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the universe's expansion and acceleration (via the EDGE/boundary equation, Equation three).

Non-Quantum Gravity (Newtonian Gravity): Newtonian gravity is described by Equation Four (quantum-ness was wrapped up by mass, no longer a quantum parameter) in AP, which involves the interaction between two masses and is proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance (in the real-world sheet) between them. Unlike quantum gravity, Newtonian gravity does not involve quantum parameters and is characterized by immediate action at a distance without any medium for transmission.

Quantum gravity in AP is based on the real-ghost symmetry mechanism and involves quantum parameters, while non-quantum gravity (Newtonian gravity) is based on the interaction between masses and does not involve quantum parameters.

 

 

Fourteen,

Black holes of this new gravity:

1. Spaghettification Zone: Instead of an event horizon with a Schwarzschild radius, the new definition introduces a spaghettification zone. In this zone, particles are torn apart (via tidal gravity) and become strings. This process is different from the classical view of black holes, where particles are thought to be compressed into a singularity at the center.
2. Ring-Strings: After spaghettification, particles become ring-strings with zero area and zero volume. These ring-strings are free particles inside the black hole, meaning there is no longer any free-falling or tidal gravity on these ring-strings when they pass the event horizon.
3. No Singularity at the Center: The new definition eliminates the concept of singularity at the center of the black hole. Instead, each ring-string is a singularity of itself.
4. Information Preservation: The new definition suggests that no information is lost in black holes. When particles fall into a black hole and become ring-strings, their charges are neutralized but conserved. When they are radiated out later (if any), the rings straighten back up to regain their charges, ensuring that no information is lost. That is, no Black hole information paradox.
5. Quantum Gravity: Quantum gravity is not about the gravity between neutrons in a neutron star. Instead, gravity is defined as the force that moves the entire universe from one quantum state to another. This new definition provides a more coherent understanding of gravity and its role in the universe.
6. Tidal Force Equation: The tidal force on a rod (or a box) with one meter long, [(rB – rA) = 1 meter], is given by:  

         Tidal force of (A, B) = F(r) – F(r-1) = Tf(A, B)

The gravity force for A and B are:

F(A) = F(r), r is the distance of point A to the center of the packed object.

F(B) = F(r + 1), one meter farther away from the center.

This new definition of gravity challenges the conventional understanding of black holes and offers a detailed and coherent explanation of their formation, structure, and behavior.

 

 

Fifteen,

Types of stars defined with this new gravity definition (via tidal force):

1. Proton Stars (PS): These stars, like our Sun, are primarily composed of hydrogen atoms, which contain protons. The tidal force of a proton star is not strong enough to break up hydrogen atoms. The nuclear fusion within these stars produces enough thermal energy to balance the gravitational force, resulting in a large diameter, typically around one million miles. When the hydrogen is exhausted, the star may undergo a Type I Supernova, resulting in a white dwarf star, which is still a proton star.
2. Neutron Stars (NS): When the tidal force of a collapsing star is strong enough to break up hydrogen or helium atoms, it forms a neutron star. These stars have a much smaller radius, averaging between 1 to 10 miles, and are composed entirely of neutrons. The gravitational force is so strong that no protons can survive, and the atoms are pulled apart.
3. Black Holes (BH): If the tidal force is strong enough to break up neutrons, the star collapses into a black hole. Black holes have a Schwarzschild radius of about 10 miles for a 3-solar-mass black hole. In this new gravity theory, black holes are formed by tearing apart all particles through a process called spaghettification, resulting in particles becoming strings. Inside a black hole, these strings curl up into ring-strings with zero area and zero volume.

The key differences lie in their composition (protons, neutrons, or strings), the strength of the tidal force, and the resulting structure and size.

 

 

Sixteen,

Quantum gravity (QG) should encompass several key attributes to provide a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental forces and particles in the universe. Here are the main aspects that QG should cover:

1. Governing the Cosmos: Quantum gravity should be the source of expansion and acceleration in the universe, accounting for dark energy and dark mass.
2. Giving Rise to Particle Zoo: Since every particle carries mass, which is a key parameter for gravity, QG must also be a particle theory.
3. Providing Interaction Simultaneously: Quantum gravity should explain how every particle interacts with all other particles in the universe at the same time.

Additionally, QG should encompass life, intelligence, and consciousness, which are all about processing information (see book three).

 

 

Seventeen,

The implications of AP (0) quantum gravity touch upon several fundamental aspects of physics and our understanding of the universe:

1. Unified Framework: AP (0) quantum gravity provides a unified framework that links quantum gravity, entropy, and the Cosmology Constant (CC). This means that it offers a comprehensive approach to understanding these concepts together, rather than treating them as separate phenomena.
2. Derivation of Cosmology Constant: One of the significant implications is that AP (0) quantum gravity allows for the derivation and calculation of the Cosmology Constant. This challenges the mainstream view that CC is not derivable or calculable.
3. Positive Cosmology Constant: Unlike M-string theory, which predicts a negative CC, AP(0) quantum gravity predicts a positive CC. This aligns with observed values and shows that AP(0) quantum gravity provides an accurate description of the real universe.
4. Quantum Actions and Entropy: AP (0) links gravity to quantum actions and entropy counts. It suggests that the universe moves from one state to another with quantum actions, each representing one quantum bit of information. The total quantum action count of the universe is a measure of entropy, and CC is defined as the share per quantum action to the total quantum action counts.
5. New Perspective on Entropy: AP (0) quantum gravity offers a new perspective on entropy, viewing it as the result of the bookkeeping of quantum actions. This challenges the traditional phenomenological view of entropy and provides a deeper connection to the fundamental laws of physics.
6. Implications for Mainstream Physics: AP (0) critiques mainstream physics, particularly M-string theory, and suggests that many existing theories are fundamentally flawed.
7. Cosmology and Astrophysics: The positive CC prediction aligns with astronomical observations and provides a more accurate description of the real universe. This can lead to advancements in cosmology and astrophysics, helping scientists better understand the structure and behavior of the cosmos.
8. Quantum Computing: The concept of quantum actions and the total quantum action counts can be applied to quantum computing. By understanding the quantum bits of information and their interactions, researchers can develop more efficient and powerful quantum computers.
9. Technological Innovations: The insights gained from AP (0) quantum gravity can lead to technological innovations in various fields, including energy, materials science, and space exploration. By understanding the fundamental laws of physics, researchers can develop new technologies that harness the principles of quantum gravity.
10. Critique of Mass Generation Mechanism: M-string theory describes the spacetime sheet with particles (M-strings) but does not have its own mechanism for mass generation. Instead, it relies on the Higgs mechanism, which was dismissed as "nonsense” (see photo below). AP (0) quantum gravity, on the other hand, links gravity to quantum actions and entropy counts, suggesting that gravity is connected to the total quantum action counts of the universe.

 

These implications highlight that AP (0) quantum gravity have revolutionized our understanding of the universe and provide new insights into the nature of gravity, entropy, and the Cosmology Constant.

 

 

Eighteen, (See Chapter three)

AP (0) quantum gravity is a theory that links gravity to quantum actions and entropy counts.

1.      Quantum Actions: The universe moves from one state to another with quantum actions, denoted by the Planck constant (ħ). Each quantum action represents one quantum bit of information.

2.      Largest Unit of Quantum Information: The largest unit of quantum information is given by the product of Planck constant (ħ) and speed of light (C) in one unit of time.

3.      Number of Quantum Actions per Time-Dimension: The number of quantum actions per time-dimension in a unit of time is calculated as ( 1/{ħ  C} ).

4.      Total Quantum Action Count: The total quantum action count (TC) = ([1/({ħ  C} ^4)] x T);  T, lifetime of this universe. The 4^th power is caused by that there are 4-time dimensions.

 

 

Nineteen, Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Why do both Equation Zero and Equation Three use (delta t and delta s) instead of the traditional differential operators (dt, ds)? A: This theory is actually a new string Theory. Every string has a finite length, and it cannot be reduced to zero. So, both equations do not use differential operators. This new string theory is totally different from String (M-) theory while it sees particles are strings. This new string theory sees space and time are also strings.

 

Q: What are the differences (if any) between this theory and the traditional Superstring Theory (now, the M-theory)? A: There are three major differences:

1. M-string theory views quarks as fundamental particles without an internal structure, and it can be called Quark Superstring Theory. This new theory shows that quarks have an internal structure, and it can be called Prequark Superstring Theory.
2. One of the cornerstones of M-string theory is Supersymmetry which predicts some superpartners (squarks, etc.). The superpartner of this new theory is a ghost world which is already broken perfect symmetry. No SUSY (s-particles) is allowed in AP.

3.      This new AP (0), G-string theory, reproduced SM particle zoo, being able to calculate ALL nature constants and to derive Planck CMB data and Uncertainty Principle. Finally, it provides a comprehensive description of quantum gravity. That is, it reproduced all known (verified) physics and resolved all open questions (such as dark matter/dark energy, etc.). On the other hand, M-string has failed ALL those.

4.       Most importantly, String (M-) theory sees only particles are strings. This G- string theory sees space and time are also strings.

 

Q: Newtonian physics has only a few cornerstone equations, such as: F = ma and the gravity equation. It is the same for quantum theory which has only a few cornerstone equations, such as: uncertainty principle and Schrodinger equation. What are the cornerstone equations for Prequark string Theory? A: The Prequark string Theory needs only two equations. The first equation defines the time/space strings, and it is the Equation Zero. The second equation defines the strings interaction force, and it is the Equation Three. However, this AP (0) provides 3 more derived equations (1, 2 and 4).

 

 

Chapter seven: new physics epistemology,  available at https://tienzengong.wordpress.com/2025/04/21/chapter-seven-new-physics-epistemology/